Material How Tool
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AMORPHOUS METALS
AMORPHOUS METALS. Also known as metallic glasses and glassy metals, they have a noncrystalline structure that is achieved by quenching of metal-metalloid alloys.
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AMMONIA
AMMONIA A gas of the formula NH3, originally called alkaline air and volatile alkali and later in water solution called spirits of hartshorn. It isa by-product in the distillation of coal. It is also produced from naturalgas. Ammonia is readily absor ...
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ALLIGATOR LEATHER
A light, tough leather with platelike scales on the surface. It is made from the skins of large saurians, or lizards, of the order Crocodilia, abounding in muddy tropical streams.
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ALKYD RESINS
A group of thermosetting synthetic resins known chemically as hydroxycarbcxylic resins, of which the one produced from phthalic anhydride and glycerol is representative.
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ALKALI METALS
A name given to lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, strontium, cesium, calcium, and barium because of the basic reaction of their oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates.
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ALKALI
A caustic hydroxide characterized by its ability to neutralize acids and form soluble soaps with fatty acids.
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ALDER
The wood of several species of tree of the genus Almu of the same family as the birch and beech. The red alder is from the A. rubra, or A. oregana, growing in the northwestern United States. The wood has a reddish-brown color and a fine even grain, i ...
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ALDEHYDE
A group name for substances made by the dehydrogenation or oxidation of alcohols, such as formaldehyde from methyl alcohol. By further oxidation, the aldehydes form corresponding acids, as formic acid.
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ALCOHOL
The common name for ethyl alcohol, but the term properly applies to a large group of organic compounds that have important uses in industry, especially as solvents and in the preparation of other materials.A characteristic of all alcohols is the mono ...
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ALBUMIN
The water-soluble and alcohol-soluble protein obtained from blood, eggs, or milk, and used in adhesives, textile and paper finishes, leather coatings, varnishes, as a clarifying agent for tannins, and in oil emulsions.
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AJOWAN OIL
Also called ptychotis oil. A yellow essential oil distilled from ajwan seed of the herbaceous plant Carum copticum, or Ptychotis ajowan, of India.
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AGATE
AGATE. A natural mixture of crystalline and colloidal silica, but consisting mainly of the mineral chalcedony. It usually occurs in irregular banded layers of various colors derived from mineral salts, and when polished has a waxy luster.
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AGAR-AGAR
The dried bleached gelatinous extract from various species of seaweed, Algae, mostly species from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is the only one of the seaweed products classed as a strategic material because of its use in medicine, but its use is ...
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ADSORBENT
A material used to remove odor, taste, haze, and color from oils, foods, pharmaceuticals, or chemicals by selective adsorption of the impurities.
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ADIPIC ACID.
Also called butane dicarboxylic acid. A white crystalline solid of the composition HOOC(CH2)4COOH, used as a plasticizer in synthetic resins and coatings, and in the production of nylon. It is made by the treatment of fatty acids with nitric acid, or ...
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ADHESIVES.
Materials employed for sticking, or adhering, one surface to another. Forms are liquid, paste, powder, and dry film. The commercial adhesives include pastes; glues; pyroxylin cements; rubber cements; latex cement; special cements of chlorinated rubbe ...
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ACTIVATED CHARCOAL.
A nearly chemically pure amorphous carbon made by carbonizing and treating dense material such as coconut shells, peach pits, or hardwood. When made from coal, or in the chemical industry, it is more usually called activated carbon, or filter c ...
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ACRYLONITRILE.
Also called vinyl cyanide and propene nitrile. A liquid of the composition CH2:CHCN, boiling at 78°C, used in insecticides and for producing plastics and other chemicals.
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ACRYLIC RESINS
Colorless, highly transparent, thermoplastic, synthetic resins made by the polymerization of acrylic derivatives, chiefly from the esters of acrylic acid, CH2:CH·COOH, and methacrylic acid, CH2:C(CH3)·COOH, ethyl acrylate and methyl acr ...
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ACETYLENE.
A colorless gas of the composition HC:CH, used for welding and flame cutting of metals, and for producing other chemicals. It contains 92.3% carbon, and is therefore nearly gaseous carbon. When pure, it has a sweet odor, but when it contains hydrogen ...
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